الحياة في بيت الفناء

在北京的胡同里，至今还保留着不少传统的四合院。

Zài (fourth tone, falling) Běijīng (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) hútòng (second tone, rising) li, (neutral tone) zhìjīn (fourth tone, falling) hái (second tone, rising) bǎoliú (third tone, dipping) zhe (neutral tone) bù (fourth tone, falling) shǎo (third tone, dipping) chuántǒng (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) sìhéyuàn. (fourth tone, falling)

في أزقّة بكين القديمة، ما زال كثير من بيوت «سيخه يوان» التقليدية ذات الفناء قائمًا حتّى اليوم.

所谓“四合院”，就是东、西、南、北四面都有房子，中间是一个院子的建筑。

Suǒwèi (third tone, dipping) “sìhéyuàn”, (fourth tone, falling) jiù (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) dōng, (first tone, high and level) xī, (first tone, high and level) nán, (second tone, rising) běi (third tone, dipping) sì (fourth tone, falling) miàn (fourth tone, falling) dōu (first tone, high and level) yǒu (third tone, dipping) fángzi, (second tone, rising) zhōngjiān (first tone, high and level) shì (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) jiànzhù. (fourth tone, falling)

و«سيخه يوان» بناء تحيط به البيوت من الجهات الأربع، شرقًا وغربًا وجنوبًا وشمالًا، وفي وسطه فناء.

从外面看，四合院四周都是高高的墙，只有一个大门通向胡同，显得十分封闭；可是一走进去，就会发现里面是另一个世界：安静、明亮，充满了生活的味道。

Cóng (second tone, rising) wàimiàn (fourth tone, falling) kàn, (fourth tone, falling) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) sìzhōu (fourth tone, falling) dōu (first tone, high and level) shì (fourth tone, falling) gāogāo (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) qiáng, (second tone, rising) zhǐyǒu (third tone, dipping) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) dàmén (fourth tone, falling) tōngxiàng (first tone, high and level) hútòng, (second tone, rising) xiǎnde (third tone, dipping) shífēn (second tone, rising) fēngbì; (first tone, high and level) kěshì (third tone, dipping) yì (fourth tone, falling) zǒu (third tone, dipping) jìnqù, (fourth tone, falling) jiù (fourth tone, falling) huì (fourth tone, falling) fāxiàn (first tone, high and level) lǐmiàn (third tone, dipping) shì (fourth tone, falling) lìng (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) shìjiè: (fourth tone, falling) ānjìng, (first tone, high and level) míngliàng, (second tone, rising) chōngmǎn (first tone, high and level) le (neutral tone) shēnghuó (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) wèidao. (fourth tone, falling)

من الخارج، تحيط بالبيت أسوار عالية من كلّ جانب، وليس له إلّا باب واحد يطلّ على الزقاق، فيبدو منغلقًا تمامًا؛ لكن ما إن تدخله حتّى تكتشف عالمًا آخر: هادئًا ومضيئًا ومليئًا بنكهة الحياة.

院子里常常种着几棵树，有的人家还会种一些花，春天的时候，满院子都是花香。

Yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) chángcháng (second tone, rising) zhòng (fourth tone, falling) zhe (neutral tone) jǐ (third tone, dipping) kē (first tone, high and level) shù, (fourth tone, falling) yǒude (third tone, dipping) rénjiā (second tone, rising) hái (second tone, rising) huì (fourth tone, falling) zhòng (fourth tone, falling) yìxiē (fourth tone, falling) huā, (first tone, high and level) chūntiān (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) shíhou, (second tone, rising) mǎn (third tone, dipping) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) dōu (first tone, high and level) shì (fourth tone, falling) huāxiāng. (first tone, high and level)

غالبًا ما تُزرع في الفناء بضع أشجار، وبعض العائلات تزرع الزهور أيضًا، وفي الربيع يمتلئ الفناء كلّه بعطرها.

四合院的布局体现了中国传统社会对家庭秩序的重视。

Sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) bùjú (fourth tone, falling) tǐxiàn (third tone, dipping) le (neutral tone) Zhōngguó (first tone, high and level) chuántǒng (second tone, rising) shèhuì (fourth tone, falling) duì (fourth tone, falling) jiātíng (first tone, high and level) zhìxù (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) zhòngshì. (fourth tone, falling)

يعكس تصميم هذا البيت اهتمام المجتمع الصيني التقليدي بالنظام داخل الأسرة.

坐北朝南的正房阳光最充足，冬天暖和，夏天凉快，通常由家中年纪最大的长辈居住；

Zuò (fourth tone, falling) běi (third tone, dipping) cháo (second tone, rising) nán (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) zhèngfáng (fourth tone, falling) yángguāng (second tone, rising) zuì (fourth tone, falling) chōngzú, (first tone, high and level) dōngtiān (first tone, high and level) nuǎnhuo, (third tone, dipping) xiàtiān (fourth tone, falling) liángkuai, (second tone, rising) tōngcháng (first tone, high and level) yóu (second tone, rising) jiā (first tone, high and level) zhōng (first tone, high and level) niánjì (second tone, rising) zuì (fourth tone, falling) dà (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) zhǎngbèi (third tone, dipping) jūzhù; (first tone, high and level)

الغرفة الرئيسية، المبنيّة في الشمال والمتّجهة نحو الجنوب، هي الأكثر شمسًا، دافئة في الشتاء وباردة في الصيف، ويسكنها عادة أكبر أفراد الأسرة سنًّا؛

东西两边的房子则住着晚辈；

Dōng (first tone, high and level) xī (first tone, high and level) liǎng (third tone, dipping) biān (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) fángzi (second tone, rising) zé (second tone, rising) zhù (fourth tone, falling) zhe (neutral tone) wǎnbèi; (third tone, dipping)

أمّا البيوت في الجانبين الشرقي والغربي فيسكنها الأصغر سنًّا؛

靠近大门的房子一般用来做客厅或者书房。

Kàojìn (fourth tone, falling) dàmén (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) fángzi (second tone, rising) yìbān (fourth tone, falling) yòng (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) zuò (fourth tone, falling) kètīng (fourth tone, falling) huòzhě (fourth tone, falling) shūfáng. (first tone, high and level)

والغرف القريبة من الباب تُستعمل عادة غرفةً للضيوف أو مكتبةً.

谁住在哪里，并不是随意决定的，而是按照家庭成员的年龄和地位来安排。

Shuí (second tone, rising) zhù (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) nǎli, (third tone, dipping) bìng (fourth tone, falling) bú (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) suíyì (second tone, rising) juédìng (second tone, rising) de, (neutral tone) ér (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) ànzhào (fourth tone, falling) jiātíng (first tone, high and level) chéngyuán (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) niánlíng (second tone, rising) hé (second tone, rising) dìwèi (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) ānpái. (first tone, high and level)

فمن يسكن أين لا يتقرّر عشوائيًا، بل يُرتَّب بحسب عمر كلّ فرد من الأسرة ومكانته.

这种安排既方便长辈照顾全家，也让每个人都清楚自己在家庭中的位置。

Zhè (fourth tone, falling) zhǒng (third tone, dipping) ānpái (first tone, high and level) jì (fourth tone, falling) fāngbiàn (first tone, high and level) zhǎngbèi (third tone, dipping) zhàogu (fourth tone, falling) quán (second tone, rising) jiā, (first tone, high and level) yě (third tone, dipping) ràng (fourth tone, falling) měi (third tone, dipping) ge (neutral tone) rén (second tone, rising) dōu (first tone, high and level) qīngchu (first tone, high and level) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) jiātíng (first tone, high and level) zhōng (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) wèizhi. (fourth tone, falling)

وهذا الترتيب يسهّل على الكبار رعاية الأسرة كلّها، ويجعل كلّ فرد يعرف موقعه فيها بوضوح.

院子是四合院的中心，也是全家人共同生活的空间。

Yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) zhōngxīn, (first tone, high and level) yě (third tone, dipping) shì (fourth tone, falling) quán (second tone, rising) jiārén (first tone, high and level) gòngtóng (fourth tone, falling) shēnghuó (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) kōngjiān. (first tone, high and level)

الفناء هو قلب البيت، وهو كذلك المكان الذي تعيش فيه الأسرة كلّها معًا.

夏天的傍晚，大人们在院子里的树下休息、喝茶、下象棋，孩子们在一旁跑来跑去；

Xiàtiān (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) bàngwǎn, (fourth tone, falling) dàrénmen (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) de (neutral tone) shù (fourth tone, falling) xià (fourth tone, falling) xiūxi, (first tone, high and level) hē (first tone, high and level) chá, (second tone, rising) xià (fourth tone, falling) xiàngqí, (fourth tone, falling) háizimen (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) yìpáng (fourth tone, falling) pǎo (third tone, dipping) lái (second tone, rising) pǎo (third tone, dipping) qù; (fourth tone, falling)

في أمسيات الصيف يستريح الكبار تحت أشجار الفناء، يشربون الشاي ويلعبون الشطرنج الصيني، بينما يركض الأطفال إلى جانبهم؛

冬天下雪以后，院子里白白的一片，孩子们最喜欢在雪地里玩儿；

Dōngtiān (first tone, high and level) xiàxuě (fourth tone, falling) yǐhòu, (third tone, dipping) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) báibái (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) yí (second tone, rising) piàn, (fourth tone, falling) háizimen (second tone, rising) zuì (fourth tone, falling) xǐhuan (third tone, dipping) zài (fourth tone, falling) xuědì (third tone, dipping) li (neutral tone) wánr; (second tone, rising)

وفي الشتاء بعد تساقط الثلج يكتسي الفناء بالبياض، ولا شيء يحبّه الأطفال أكثر من اللعب في الثلج؛

到了春节，一家人坐在一起包饺子，院子里非常热闹。

Dào (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) Chūnjié, (first tone, high and level) yì (fourth tone, falling) jiārén (first tone, high and level) zuò (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) yìqǐ (fourth tone, falling) bāo (first tone, high and level) jiǎozi, (third tone, dipping) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) fēicháng (first tone, high and level) rènao. (fourth tone, falling)

وفي عيد الربيع تجلس الأسرة معًا لتحضير الزلابية، فيعمّ الفناء الصخب والبهجة.

正因为这样，很多在四合院里长大的老北京人一提起过去的日子，总会说起院子里的那棵老树和邻居之间的感情。

Zhèng (fourth tone, falling) yīnwèi (first tone, high and level) zhèyàng, (fourth tone, falling) hěn (third tone, dipping) duō (first tone, high and level) zài (fourth tone, falling) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) zhǎngdà (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) lǎo (third tone, dipping) Běijīng (third tone, dipping) rén (second tone, rising) yì (fourth tone, falling) tíqǐ (second tone, rising) guòqu (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) rìzi, (fourth tone, falling) zǒng (third tone, dipping) huì (fourth tone, falling) shuōqǐ (first tone, high and level) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) de (neutral tone) nà (fourth tone, falling) kē (first tone, high and level) lǎo (third tone, dipping) shù (fourth tone, falling) hé (second tone, rising) línjū (second tone, rising) zhījiān (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) gǎnqíng. (third tone, dipping)

ولهذا السبب، كلّما تذكّر أهل بكين القدامى الذين نشأوا في هذه البيوت أيّامهم الماضية، تحدّثوا دائمًا عن الشجرة العجوز في الفناء وعن المودّة بين الجيران.

后来，随着城市人口的迅速增加，许多四合院里住进了越来越多的人家。

Hòulái, (fourth tone, falling) suízhe (second tone, rising) chéngshì (second tone, rising) rénkǒu (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) xùnsù (fourth tone, falling) zēngjiā, (first tone, high and level) xǔduō (third tone, dipping) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) zhù (fourth tone, falling) jìn (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) yuè (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) yuè (fourth tone, falling) duō (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) rénjiā. (second tone, rising)

لاحقًا، ومع الزيادة السريعة في عدد سكّان المدينة، انتقلت أسر أكثر فأكثر إلى كثير من هذه البيوت.

原来只住一家人的院子，后来挤进了五六家甚至十几家，院子里盖满了临时的小房子，原来宽敞的空间变得十分拥挤。

Yuánlái (second tone, rising) zhǐ (third tone, dipping) zhù (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) jiārén (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) yuànzi, (fourth tone, falling) hòulái (fourth tone, falling) jǐ (third tone, dipping) jìn (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) wǔliù (third tone, dipping) jiā (first tone, high and level) shènzhì (fourth tone, falling) shíjǐ (second tone, rising) jiā, (first tone, high and level) yuànzi (fourth tone, falling) li (neutral tone) gài (fourth tone, falling) mǎn (third tone, dipping) le (neutral tone) línshí (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) xiǎo (third tone, dipping) fángzi, (second tone, rising) yuánlái (second tone, rising) kuānchang (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) kōngjiān (first tone, high and level) biànde (fourth tone, falling) shífēn (second tone, rising) yōngjǐ. (first tone, high and level)

الفناء الذي كانت تسكنه أسرة واحدة صار يزدحم بخمس أو ستّ أسر بل بأكثر من عشر، وامتلأ بغرف صغيرة مؤقّتة، فصار المكان الذي كان فسيحًا شديد الازدحام.

再后来，城市开始大规模建设，不少胡同和四合院被拆了，代替它们的是一座座高楼。

Zài (fourth tone, falling) hòulái, (fourth tone, falling) chéngshì (second tone, rising) kāishǐ (first tone, high and level) dàguīmó (fourth tone, falling) jiànshè, (fourth tone, falling) bù (fourth tone, falling) shǎo (third tone, dipping) hútòng (second tone, rising) hé (second tone, rising) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) bèi (fourth tone, falling) chāi (first tone, high and level) le, (neutral tone) dàitì (fourth tone, falling) tāmen (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) shì (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) zuòzuò (fourth tone, falling) gāolóu. (first tone, high and level)

ثمّ بدأت المدينة البناء على نطاق واسع، فهُدمت أزقّة وبيوت كثيرة، وحلّت محلّها أبراج عالية.

住进楼房以后，人们的居住条件得到了明显的改善，有了自己的厨房和卫生间，冬天也不用再担心冷了。

Zhù (fourth tone, falling) jìn (fourth tone, falling) lóufáng (second tone, rising) yǐhòu, (third tone, dipping) rénmen (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) jūzhù (first tone, high and level) tiáojiàn (second tone, rising) dédào (second tone, rising) le (neutral tone) míngxiǎn (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) gǎishàn, (third tone, dipping) yǒu (third tone, dipping) le (neutral tone) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) chúfáng (second tone, rising) hé (second tone, rising) wèishēngjiān, (fourth tone, falling) dōngtiān (first tone, high and level) yě (third tone, dipping) bú (second tone, rising) yòng (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) dānxīn (first tone, high and level) lěng (third tone, dipping) le. (neutral tone)

بعد الانتقال إلى الشقق تحسّنت ظروف السكن تحسّنًا واضحًا، فصار لكلّ أسرة مطبخها وحمّامها، ولم يعد البرد في الشتاء يقلقهم.

然而，许多人也感到，邻居之间的交往少了，过去那种一家有事、全院帮忙的情景很难再见到了。

Rán (second tone, rising) ér, (second tone, rising) xǔduō (third tone, dipping) rén (second tone, rising) yě (third tone, dipping) gǎn (third tone, dipping) dào, (fourth tone, falling) línjū (second tone, rising) zhījiān (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) jiāowǎng (first tone, high and level) shǎo (third tone, dipping) le, (neutral tone) guòqu (fourth tone, falling) nà (fourth tone, falling) zhǒng (third tone, dipping) yì (fourth tone, falling) jiā (first tone, high and level) yǒu (third tone, dipping) shì, (fourth tone, falling) quán (second tone, rising) yuàn (fourth tone, falling) bāngmáng (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) qíngjǐng (second tone, rising) hěn (third tone, dipping) nán (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) jiàndào (fourth tone, falling) le. (neutral tone)

ومع ذلك يشعر كثيرون بأنّ التواصل بين الجيران قلّ، وأنّ مشهد الفناء كلّه يهبّ للمساعدة حين تقع لأسرة مشكلة صار نادرًا.

一位从小在四合院长大的老人说：“以前谁家做了好吃的，都会给邻居送一碗；现在住了十几年楼房，对面的邻居姓什么我都不知道。”

Yí (second tone, rising) wèi (fourth tone, falling) cóng (second tone, rising) xiǎo (third tone, dipping) zài (fourth tone, falling) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) zhǎngdà (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) lǎorén (third tone, dipping) shuō: (first tone, high and level) “Yǐqián (third tone, dipping) shuí (second tone, rising) jiā (first tone, high and level) zuò (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) hǎochī (third tone, dipping) de, (neutral tone) dōu (first tone, high and level) huì (fourth tone, falling) gěi (third tone, dipping) línjū (second tone, rising) sòng (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) wǎn; (third tone, dipping) xiànzài (fourth tone, falling) zhù (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) shíjǐ (second tone, rising) nián (second tone, rising) lóufáng, (second tone, rising) duìmiàn (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) línjū (second tone, rising) xìng (fourth tone, falling) shénme (second tone, rising) wǒ (third tone, dipping) dōu (first tone, high and level) bù (fourth tone, falling) zhīdào.” (first tone, high and level)

قال رجل مسنّ نشأ في أحد هذه البيوت: «في الماضي، كانت أيّ أسرة تطبخ شيئًا لذيذًا ترسل صحنًا منه إلى الجيران؛ أمّا الآن فقد سكنت في عمارة أكثر من عشر سنوات، ولا أعرف حتّى اسم عائلة جاري المقابل.»

近些年来，保护传统建筑越来越受到重视。

Jìn (fourth tone, falling) xiē (first tone, high and level) nián (second tone, rising) lái, (second tone, rising) bǎohù (third tone, dipping) chuántǒng (second tone, rising) jiànzhù (fourth tone, falling) yuè (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) yuè (fourth tone, falling) shòudào (fourth tone, falling) zhòngshì. (fourth tone, falling)

في السنوات الأخيرة، صار الحفاظ على المباني التقليدية يحظى باهتمام متزايد.

一些保存得比较好的四合院经过重新修理，有的成了博物馆，有的变成了小宾馆或者咖啡店，吸引了很多来旅游的人。

Yìxiē (fourth tone, falling) bǎocún (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) bǐjiào (third tone, dipping) hǎo (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) jīngguò (first tone, high and level) chóngxīn (second tone, rising) xiūlǐ, (first tone, high and level) yǒude (third tone, dipping) chéng (second tone, rising) le (neutral tone) bówùguǎn, (second tone, rising) yǒude (third tone, dipping) biànchéng (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) xiǎo (third tone, dipping) bīnguǎn (first tone, high and level) huòzhě (fourth tone, falling) kāfēidiàn, (first tone, high and level) xīyǐn (first tone, high and level) le (neutral tone) hěn (third tone, dipping) duō (first tone, high and level) lái (second tone, rising) lǚyóu (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) rén. (second tone, rising)

وبعض البيوت التي حُفظت بشكل جيّد أُعيد ترميمها، فصار بعضها متاحف وبعضها فنادق صغيرة أو مقاهي، تجتذب كثيرًا من السيّاح.

不过也有人担心，如果四合院只剩下给人参观的外表，而失去了原来的生活味道，那么保护的意义就会大大减少。

Búguò (second tone, rising) yě (third tone, dipping) yǒu (third tone, dipping) rén (second tone, rising) dānxīn, (first tone, high and level) rúguǒ (second tone, rising) sìhéyuàn (fourth tone, falling) zhǐ (third tone, dipping) shèngxià (fourth tone, falling) gěi (third tone, dipping) rén (second tone, rising) cānguān (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) wàibiǎo, (fourth tone, falling) ér (second tone, rising) shīqù (first tone, high and level) le (neutral tone) yuánlái (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) shēnghuó (first tone, high and level) wèidao, (fourth tone, falling) nàme (fourth tone, falling) bǎohù (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) yìyì (fourth tone, falling) jiù (fourth tone, falling) huì (fourth tone, falling) dàdà (fourth tone, falling) jiǎnshǎo. (third tone, dipping)

لكنّ بعضهم يخشى أنّه إذا لم يبقَ من هذه البيوت إلّا مظهر خارجي للزيارة، وضاعت نكهة الحياة الأصلية، فإنّ معنى الحفاظ عليها سيتراجع كثيرًا.

如何在保护传统和改善生活之间找到平衡，仍然是一个值得思考的问题。

Rúhé (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) bǎohù (third tone, dipping) chuántǒng (second tone, rising) hé (second tone, rising) gǎishàn (third tone, dipping) shēnghuó (first tone, high and level) zhījiān (first tone, high and level) zhǎo (third tone, dipping) dào (fourth tone, falling) pínghéng, (second tone, rising) réngrán (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) zhíde (second tone, rising) sīkǎo (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) wèntí. (fourth tone, falling)

ويبقى إيجاد التوازن بين حماية التراث وتحسين المعيشة سؤالًا يستحقّ التفكير.