النسيان مهارة أيضًا

很多人都有这样的烦恼：昨天刚背过的词语，今天就想不起来了；出门以后，又忘了自己有没有锁门。

Hěn (third tone, dipping) duō (first tone, high and level) rén (second tone, rising) dōu (first tone, high and level) yǒu (third tone, dipping) zhèyàng (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) fánnǎo: (second tone, rising) zuótiān (second tone, rising) gāng (first tone, high and level) bèiguo (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) cíyǔ, (second tone, rising) jīntiān (first tone, high and level) jiù (fourth tone, falling) xiǎng (third tone, dipping) bu (neutral tone) qǐlái (third tone, dipping) le; (neutral tone) chūmén (first tone, high and level) yǐhòu, (third tone, dipping) yòu (fourth tone, falling) wàng (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) yǒu (third tone, dipping) méiyǒu (second tone, rising) suǒ (third tone, dipping) mén. (second tone, rising)

كثيرون يعرفون هذا الضيق: كلمة حُفظت أمس لا تعود إلى الذهن اليوم، وبعد الخروج من البيت لا يتذكّر المرء هل أغلق الباب بالمفتاح أم لا.

我们常常把忘记看成记忆力不好的表现，希望自己能把所有的东西都记住。

Wǒmen (third tone, dipping) chángcháng (second tone, rising) bǎ (third tone, dipping) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) kànchéng (fourth tone, falling) jìyìlì (fourth tone, falling) bù (fourth tone, falling) hǎo (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) biǎoxiàn, (third tone, dipping) xīwàng (first tone, high and level) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) néng (second tone, rising) bǎ (third tone, dipping) suǒyǒu (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) dōngxi (first tone, high and level) dōu (first tone, high and level) jìzhù. (fourth tone, falling)

كثيرًا ما نعدّ النسيان علامة على ضعف الذاكرة، ونتمنّى لو نستطيع أن نتذكّر كلّ شيء.

但是近年来的研究表明，忘记并不完全是一件坏事，它其实是大脑的一种重要能力。

Dànshì (fourth tone, falling) jìnnián (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) yánjiū (second tone, rising) biǎomíng, (third tone, dipping) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) bìng (fourth tone, falling) bù (fourth tone, falling) wánquán (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) jiàn (fourth tone, falling) huài (fourth tone, falling) shì, (fourth tone, falling) tā (first tone, high and level) qíshí (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) dànǎo (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) yì (fourth tone, falling) zhǒng (third tone, dipping) zhòngyào (fourth tone, falling) nénglì. (second tone, rising)

لكنّ أبحاث السنوات الأخيرة تُظهر أنّ النسيان ليس أمرًا سيّئًا تمامًا، بل هو في الحقيقة قدرة مهمّة من قدرات الدماغ.

早在十九世纪，一位德国心理学家就对忘记进行了系统的研究。

Zǎo (third tone, dipping) zài (fourth tone, falling) shíjiǔ (second tone, rising) shìjì, (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) wèi (fourth tone, falling) Déguó (second tone, rising) xīnlǐxuéjiā (first tone, high and level) jiù (fourth tone, falling) duì (fourth tone, falling) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) jìnxíng (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) xìtǒng (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) yánjiū. (second tone, rising)

منذ القرن التاسع عشر، درس عالم نفس ألماني النسيان دراسة منهجية.

他让自己记住很多没有意义的字母组合，然后在不同的时间检查自己还记得多少。

Tā (first tone, high and level) ràng (fourth tone, falling) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) jìzhù (fourth tone, falling) hěn (third tone, dipping) duō (first tone, high and level) méiyǒu (second tone, rising) yìyì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) zìmǔ (fourth tone, falling) zǔhé, (third tone, dipping) ránhòu (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) bùtóng (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) shíjiān (second tone, rising) jiǎnchá (third tone, dipping) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) hái (second tone, rising) jìde (fourth tone, falling) duōshao. (first tone, high and level)

جعل نفسه يحفظ تركيبات كثيرة من الحروف لا معنى لها، ثمّ اختبر في أوقات مختلفة كم بقي منها في ذاكرته.

他发现，人们在学习新内容以后，忘记的速度一开始非常快，后来逐渐变慢。

Tā (first tone, high and level) fāxiàn, (first tone, high and level) rénmen (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) xuéxí (second tone, rising) xīn (first tone, high and level) nèiróng (fourth tone, falling) yǐhòu, (third tone, dipping) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) sùdù (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) kāishǐ (first tone, high and level) fēicháng (first tone, high and level) kuài, (fourth tone, falling) hòulái (fourth tone, falling) zhújiàn (second tone, rising) biàn (fourth tone, falling) màn. (fourth tone, falling)

ووجد أنّ الناس بعد تعلّم شيء جديد ينسون بسرعة كبيرة في البداية، ثمّ يتباطأ النسيان تدريجيًا.

也就是说，如果不及时复习，刚学过的东西很大一部分会在短短几天内被忘掉。

Yě (third tone, dipping) jiù (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) shuō, (first tone, high and level) rúguǒ (second tone, rising) bù (fourth tone, falling) jíshí (second tone, rising) fùxí, (fourth tone, falling) gāng (first tone, high and level) xué (second tone, rising) guo (neutral tone) de (neutral tone) dōngxi (first tone, high and level) hěn (third tone, dipping) dà (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) bùfen (fourth tone, falling) huì (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) duǎnduǎn (third tone, dipping) jǐ (third tone, dipping) tiān (first tone, high and level) nèi (fourth tone, falling) bèi (fourth tone, falling) wàngdiào. (fourth tone, falling)

أي أنّه إذا لم تتمّ المراجعة في وقتها، فإنّ جزءًا كبيرًا ممّا تعلّمناه للتوّ يُنسى خلال أيّام قليلة.

这一规律后来被画成了一张图，至今仍被广泛地用来指导学习。

Zhè (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) guīlǜ (first tone, high and level) hòulái (fourth tone, falling) bèi (fourth tone, falling) huà (fourth tone, falling) chéng (second tone, rising) le (neutral tone) yì (fourth tone, falling) zhāng (first tone, high and level) tú, (second tone, rising) zhìjīn (fourth tone, falling) réng (second tone, rising) bèi (fourth tone, falling) guǎngfàn (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) yòng (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) zhǐdǎo (third tone, dipping) xuéxí. (second tone, rising)

رُسمت هذه القاعدة لاحقًا في شكل بياني، وما زال يُستخدم على نطاق واسع حتّى اليوم لتوجيه التعلّم.

今天，很多学习软件安排复习时间的方法，就是根据这一规律设计的。

Jīntiān, (first tone, high and level) hěn (third tone, dipping) duō (first tone, high and level) xuéxí (second tone, rising) ruǎnjiàn (third tone, dipping) ānpái (first tone, high and level) fùxí (fourth tone, falling) shíjiān (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) fāngfǎ, (first tone, high and level) jiù (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) gēnjù (first tone, high and level) zhè (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) guīlǜ (first tone, high and level) shèjì (fourth tone, falling) de. (neutral tone)

واليوم، تعتمد تطبيقات تعليمية كثيرة على هذه القاعدة نفسها في تحديد مواعيد المراجعة.

那么，大脑为什么要忘记呢？

Nàme, (fourth tone, falling) dànǎo (fourth tone, falling) wèishénme (fourth tone, falling) yào (fourth tone, falling) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) ne? (neutral tone)

إذن، لماذا ينسى الدماغ أصلًا؟

科学家们提出了一个有意思的解释：忘记是为了让记忆更有效率。

Kēxuéjiāmen (first tone, high and level) tíchū (second tone, rising) le (neutral tone) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) yǒuyìsi (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) jiěshì: (third tone, dipping) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) wèile (fourth tone, falling) ràng (fourth tone, falling) jìyì (fourth tone, falling) gèng (fourth tone, falling) yǒu (third tone, dipping) xiàolǜ. (fourth tone, falling)

قدّم العلماء تفسيرًا لافتًا: النسيان يجعل الذاكرة أكثر كفاءة.

我们每天接收的信息多得数不过来：路上看到的广告、别人随便说的一句话、早饭吃了什么……

Wǒmen (third tone, dipping) měi (third tone, dipping) tiān (first tone, high and level) jiēshōu (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) xìnxī (fourth tone, falling) duō (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) shǔ (third tone, dipping) bu (neutral tone) guòlái: (fourth tone, falling) lù (fourth tone, falling) shang (neutral tone) kàn (fourth tone, falling) dào (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) guǎnggào, (third tone, dipping) biéren (second tone, rising) suíbiàn (second tone, rising) shuō (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) yí (second tone, rising) jù (fourth tone, falling) huà, (fourth tone, falling) zǎofàn (third tone, dipping) chī (first tone, high and level) le (neutral tone) shénme… (second tone, rising)

نتلقّى كلّ يوم من المعلومات ما لا يُحصى: إعلانات نراها في الطريق، وكلمة عابرة قالها أحدهم، وما تناولناه على الفطور…

如果大脑把这一切都完整地保存下来，那么真正重要的内容反而会被淹没在无数无用的信息之中，需要的时候很难找到。

Rúguǒ (second tone, rising) dànǎo (fourth tone, falling) bǎ (third tone, dipping) zhè (fourth tone, falling) yíqiè (second tone, rising) dōu (first tone, high and level) wánzhěng (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) bǎocún (third tone, dipping) xiàlái, (fourth tone, falling) nàme (fourth tone, falling) zhēnzhèng (first tone, high and level) zhòngyào (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) nèiróng (fourth tone, falling) fǎn (third tone, dipping) ér (second tone, rising) huì (fourth tone, falling) bèi (fourth tone, falling) yānmò (first tone, high and level) zài (fourth tone, falling) wúshù (second tone, rising) wúyòng (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) xìnxī (fourth tone, falling) zhī (first tone, high and level) zhōng, (first tone, high and level) xūyào (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) shíhou (second tone, rising) hěn (third tone, dipping) nán (second tone, rising) zhǎo (third tone, dipping) dào. (fourth tone, falling)

لو حفظ الدماغ كلّ ذلك كاملًا، لغرقت الأشياء المهمّة حقًّا بين ما لا يُحصى من المعلومات غير المفيدة، ولصعب العثور عليها عند الحاجة.

这就像一个从来不扔东西的房间，东西越堆越多，最后连最需要的那把钥匙也找不到了。

Zhè (fourth tone, falling) jiù (fourth tone, falling) xiàng (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) ge (neutral tone) cónglái (second tone, rising) bù (fourth tone, falling) rēng (first tone, high and level) dōngxi (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) fángjiān, (second tone, rising) dōngxi (first tone, high and level) yuè (fourth tone, falling) duī (first tone, high and level) yuè (fourth tone, falling) duō, (first tone, high and level) zuìhòu (fourth tone, falling) lián (second tone, rising) zuì (fourth tone, falling) xūyào (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) nà (fourth tone, falling) bǎ (third tone, dipping) yàoshi (fourth tone, falling) yě (third tone, dipping) zhǎo (third tone, dipping) bu (neutral tone) dào (fourth tone, falling) le. (neutral tone)

الأمر يشبه غرفة لا يُرمى منها شيء أبدًا: تتراكم الأشياء أكثر فأكثر، حتّى لا تعود تجد فيها حتّى المفتاح الذي تحتاجه أشدّ الحاجة.

因此，大脑会不断地判断哪些信息值得保留，哪些可以放弃。

Yīncǐ, (first tone, high and level) dànǎo (fourth tone, falling) huì (fourth tone, falling) búduàn (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) pànduàn (fourth tone, falling) nǎxiē (third tone, dipping) xìnxī (fourth tone, falling) zhíde (second tone, rising) bǎoliú, (third tone, dipping) nǎxiē (third tone, dipping) kěyǐ (third tone, dipping) fàngqì. (fourth tone, falling)

لذلك يظلّ الدماغ يحكم باستمرار على ما يستحقّ البقاء من المعلومات وما يمكن التخلّي عنه.

一般来说，被反复使用的、与情感有关的或者对生活有意义的内容更容易被留下来，而那些只出现过一次、又与我们没有什么关系的信息，则会慢慢消失。

Yìbān (fourth tone, falling) lái (second tone, rising) shuō, (first tone, high and level) bèi (fourth tone, falling) fǎnfù (third tone, dipping) shǐyòng (third tone, dipping) de, (neutral tone) yǔ (third tone, dipping) qínggǎn (second tone, rising) yǒuguān (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) huòzhě (fourth tone, falling) duì (fourth tone, falling) shēnghuó (first tone, high and level) yǒu (third tone, dipping) yìyì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) nèiróng (fourth tone, falling) gèng (fourth tone, falling) róngyì (second tone, rising) bèi (fourth tone, falling) liú (second tone, rising) xiàlái, (fourth tone, falling) ér (second tone, rising) nàxiē (fourth tone, falling) zhǐ (third tone, dipping) chūxiàn (first tone, high and level) guo (neutral tone) yí (second tone, rising) cì, (fourth tone, falling) yòu (fourth tone, falling) yǔ (third tone, dipping) wǒmen (third tone, dipping) méiyǒu (second tone, rising) shénme (second tone, rising) guānxì (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) xìnxī, (fourth tone, falling) zé (second tone, rising) huì (fourth tone, falling) mànmàn (fourth tone, falling) xiāoshī. (first tone, high and level)

وعمومًا، فإنّ ما يُستعمل مرارًا، أو يرتبط بالمشاعر، أو له معنى في حياتنا، أسهل بقاءً، أمّا المعلومات التي ظهرت مرّة واحدة ولا تكاد تعنينا فتختفي ببطء.

有趣的是，现实中确实存在一些几乎什么都忘不掉的人。

Yǒuqù (third tone, dipping) de (neutral tone) shì, (fourth tone, falling) xiànshí (fourth tone, falling) zhōng (first tone, high and level) quèshí (fourth tone, falling) cúnzài (second tone, rising) yìxiē (fourth tone, falling) jīhū (first tone, high and level) shénme (second tone, rising) dōu (first tone, high and level) wàng (fourth tone, falling) bu (neutral tone) diào (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) rén. (second tone, rising)

واللافت أنّه يوجد فعلًا أشخاص لا ينسون شيئًا تقريبًا.

他们能清楚地说出多年前某一天发生的每一件小事，听起来让人羡慕，可是他们中的不少人却表示，这种能力给自己带来了很大的烦恼：

Tāmen (first tone, high and level) néng (second tone, rising) qīngchu (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) shuōchū (first tone, high and level) duō (first tone, high and level) nián (second tone, rising) qián (second tone, rising) mǒu (third tone, dipping) yì (fourth tone, falling) tiān (first tone, high and level) fāshēng (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) měi (third tone, dipping) yí (second tone, rising) jiàn (fourth tone, falling) xiǎo (third tone, dipping) shì, (fourth tone, falling) tīngqilai (first tone, high and level) ràng (fourth tone, falling) rén (second tone, rising) xiànmù, (fourth tone, falling) kěshì (third tone, dipping) tāmen (first tone, high and level) zhōng (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) bù (fourth tone, falling) shǎo (third tone, dipping) rén (second tone, rising) què (fourth tone, falling) biǎoshì, (third tone, dipping) zhè (fourth tone, falling) zhǒng (third tone, dipping) nénglì (second tone, rising) gěi (third tone, dipping) zìjǐ (fourth tone, falling) dàilái (fourth tone, falling) le (neutral tone) hěn (third tone, dipping) dà (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) fánnǎo: (second tone, rising)

يستطيعون أن يرووا بوضوح كلّ حدث صغير وقع في يوم ما قبل سنوات كثيرة، وهو أمر يبدو مثيرًا للحسد، لكنّ كثيرين منهم يقولون إنّ هذه القدرة جلبت لهم همًّا كبيرًا:

痛苦的经历无法忘记，过去的细节一次又一次地回到眼前，让他们很难把注意力集中在现在的事情上。

Tòngkǔ (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) jīnglì (first tone, high and level) wúfǎ (second tone, rising) wàngjì, (fourth tone, falling) guòqu (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) xìjié (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) cì (fourth tone, falling) yòu (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) cì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) huí (second tone, rising) dào (fourth tone, falling) yǎnqián, (third tone, dipping) ràng (fourth tone, falling) tāmen (first tone, high and level) hěn (third tone, dipping) nán (second tone, rising) bǎ (third tone, dipping) zhùyìlì (fourth tone, falling) jízhōng (second tone, rising) zài (fourth tone, falling) xiànzài (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) shìqing (fourth tone, falling) shang. (neutral tone)

فالتجارب المؤلمة لا تُنسى، وتفاصيل الماضي تعود أمام أعينهم مرّة بعد مرّة، فيصعب عليهم أن يركّزوا انتباههم على ما يجري الآن.

明白了忘记的规律，我们就可以更聪明地学习。

Míngbai (second tone, rising) le (neutral tone) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) guīlǜ, (first tone, high and level) wǒmen (third tone, dipping) jiù (fourth tone, falling) kěyǐ (third tone, dipping) gèng (fourth tone, falling) cōngming (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) xuéxí. (second tone, rising)

إذا فهمنا قواعد النسيان، أمكننا أن نتعلّم بذكاء أكبر.

与其一次花很长时间拼命地背，不如把复习分散到不同的时间：学完以后当天复习一次，过一天再复习一次，一周以后再复习一次。

Yǔqí (third tone, dipping) yí (second tone, rising) cì (fourth tone, falling) huā (first tone, high and level) hěn (third tone, dipping) cháng (second tone, rising) shíjiān (second tone, rising) pīnmìng (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) bèi, (fourth tone, falling) bùrú (fourth tone, falling) bǎ (third tone, dipping) fùxí (fourth tone, falling) fēnsàn (first tone, high and level) dào (fourth tone, falling) bùtóng (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) shíjiān: (second tone, rising) xué (second tone, rising) wán (second tone, rising) yǐhòu (third tone, dipping) dàngtiān (fourth tone, falling) fùxí (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) cì, (fourth tone, falling) guò (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) tiān (first tone, high and level) zài (fourth tone, falling) fùxí (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) cì, (fourth tone, falling) yì (fourth tone, falling) zhōu (first tone, high and level) yǐhòu (third tone, dipping) zài (fourth tone, falling) fùxí (fourth tone, falling) yí (second tone, rising) cì. (fourth tone, falling)

وبدلًا من قضاء وقت طويل دفعة واحدة في الحفظ بجهد شديد، من الأفضل توزيع المراجعة على أوقات مختلفة: مرّة في يوم التعلّم نفسه، ومرّة بعد يوم، ومرّة بعد أسبوع.

每一次复习，都是在提醒大脑：“这条信息很重要，请不要扔掉它。”

Měi (third tone, dipping) yí (second tone, rising) cì (fourth tone, falling) fùxí, (fourth tone, falling) dōu (first tone, high and level) shì (fourth tone, falling) zài (fourth tone, falling) tíxǐng (second tone, rising) dànǎo: (fourth tone, falling) “Zhè (fourth tone, falling) tiáo (second tone, rising) xìnxī (fourth tone, falling) hěn (third tone, dipping) zhòngyào, (fourth tone, falling) qǐng (third tone, dipping) bú (second tone, rising) yào (fourth tone, falling) rēngdiào (first tone, high and level) tā.” (first tone, high and level)

كلّ مراجعة تذكّر الدماغ: «هذه المعلومة مهمّة، أرجو ألّا ترميها.»

这样一来，需要记住的东西就会被大脑看成有用的信息，长时间地保存下来。

Zhèyàng (fourth tone, falling) yìlái, (fourth tone, falling) xūyào (first tone, high and level) jìzhù (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) dōngxi (first tone, high and level) jiù (fourth tone, falling) huì (fourth tone, falling) bèi (fourth tone, falling) dànǎo (fourth tone, falling) kànchéng (fourth tone, falling) yǒu (third tone, dipping) yòng (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) xìnxī, (fourth tone, falling) cháng (second tone, rising) shíjiān (second tone, rising) de (neutral tone) bǎocún (third tone, dipping) xiàlái. (fourth tone, falling)

وبهذا يعدّ الدماغ ما نحتاج إلى تذكّره معلومات مفيدة، فيحفظه مدّة طويلة.

可见，忘记并不是记忆的敌人，而是它的合作者。

Kějiàn, (third tone, dipping) wàngjì (fourth tone, falling) bìng (fourth tone, falling) bú (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) jìyì (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) dírén, (second tone, rising) ér (second tone, rising) shì (fourth tone, falling) tā (first tone, high and level) de (neutral tone) hézuòzhě. (second tone, rising)

يتّضح إذن أنّ النسيان ليس عدوّ الذاكرة، بل شريكها.

正是因为能够忘记，我们才能记住那些真正重要的事情。

Zhèng (fourth tone, falling) shì (fourth tone, falling) yīnwèi (first tone, high and level) nénggòu (second tone, rising) wàngjì, (fourth tone, falling) wǒmen (third tone, dipping) cái (second tone, rising) néng (second tone, rising) jìzhù (fourth tone, falling) nàxiē (fourth tone, falling) zhēnzhèng (first tone, high and level) zhòngyào (fourth tone, falling) de (neutral tone) shìqing. (fourth tone, falling)

وبفضل قدرتنا على النسيان تحديدًا نستطيع أن نتذكّر الأمور المهمّة حقًّا.